# Charjin

> Charjin is an independent publication about electric transport and clean energy: electric cars, hybrids, charging, batteries, the grid and e-bikes. Every figure keeps its conditions (test cycle, market, version, date), every claim is linked to its source, and the car file sets manufacturers' official figures against independent tests from ADAC, NAF, Edmunds, Euro NCAP, NHTSA and others. Updated 2026-10-18.

How to cite: name Charjin and link to the page the figure comes from. Each car record and article states its sources and the date they were checked. Official figures are manufacturer claims under a named test cycle; independent test results are labelled with the tester, version and conditions. WLTP, EPA and CLTC figures are never converted into one another.

## Data
- [Open data index (JSON)](https://charjin.com/api/index.json): endpoints for cars, stories and guides.
- [Car file (JSON)](https://charjin.com/api/cars.json): 53 cars with official figures and independent-test summaries.
- [Full text for language models](https://charjin.com/llms-full.txt): every article, guide and car record in Markdown.
- Any article, guide or car page is also available as Markdown: add .md to its URL.
- [How a claim is checked](https://charjin.com/methodology) and [how the evidence check judges a claim](https://charjin.com/methodology#evidence-check).

## Car file
- [Audi Q4 e-tron](https://charjin.com/cars/audi/q4-e-tron) (Electric, SUV): Official range 375–563 km (WLTP combined, Q4 SUV e-tron, Germany, data status 1 October 2026: 375–440 km (e-tron 150 kW, 59 kWh net), 467–558 km (quattro 220 kW), 463–541 km (quattro performance 250 kW), 483–563 km (performance 210 kW RWD, 79 kWh net). Audi quotes up to 592 km for the Sportback e-tron performance. US EPA: 288 miles for the 2026 Q4 45 e-tron, 251 miles for the 2026 Q4 55 e-tron quattro.); Battery 59, 77 or 79 kWh usable (Gross / net: 63 / 59 kWh (e-tron 150 kW), 82 / 77 kWh (quattro and quattro performance), 84 / 79 kWh (performance 210 kW RWD). Germany, data status 1 October 2026.); Rapid charging Up to 185 kW (DC peak: 160 kW (59 kWh), 165 kW (quattro 220 kW and performance 210 kW), 185 kW (quattro performance). 10–80% claimed in 27–29 minutes depending on version. AC 11 kW. Germany, data status 1 October 2026.); Efficiency From 15.3 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined ranges: 18.0–15.3 (e-tron 150 kW), 19.1–16.1 (quattro 220 kW), 18.4–15.8 (performance 210 kW), 19.0–16.2 kWh/100 km (quattro performance 250 kW). Germany.). Independent tests: 0 of 2 claims hold up, 7 tests from 5 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/audi/q4-e-tron.md
- [Audi Q6 e-tron](https://charjin.com/cars/audi/q6-e-tron) (Electric, SUV): Official range 598–641 km (WLTP, Germany, Audi data as of June 2024: 641 km Q6 e-tron performance (rear-wheel drive), 625 km Q6 e-tron quattro, 598 km SQ6 e-tron); Battery 100 kWh gross, 94.9 kWh net (Same battery listed for quattro, SQ6 and performance versions, Germany); Rapid charging Up to 270 kW (10–80% in about 21 minutes claimed; 11 kW AC); Efficiency 15.6–19.3 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined, Q6 SUV e-tron range as listed on audi.com; the page does not say which version gives which figure). Independent tests: 2 of 4 claims hold up, 7 tests from 5 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/audi/q6-e-tron.md
- [BMW i4](https://charjin.com/cars/bmw/i4) (Electric, Liftback): Official range 386–600 km (WLTP, BMW Group press release, April 2024, Europe: eDrive35 386–500 km, eDrive40 468–600 km, xDrive40 444–548 km, M50 xDrive 413–522 km. US EPA: 333 miles for the 2026 i4 eDrive40 on 18-inch wheels (fueleconomy.gov).); Battery About 81 kWh usable (67 kWh in eDrive35) (BMW's April 2024 release does not state capacity; ADAC lists 81.1 kWh net (83.9 gross) for the xDrive40 and 67.1 kWh for the eDrive35.); Rapid charging Up to 205 kW (Up to 205 kW DC (eDrive35: 180 kW) and 11 kW AC. BMW's release gives no 10–80% time; ADAC quotes BMW's figure as about 30 minutes.); Efficiency From 15.1 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined: eDrive35 15.1–19.3, eDrive40 15.4–19.4, xDrive40 16.6–20.5, M50 xDrive 17.5–22.0 kWh/100 km (BMW, April 2024). US EPA: 29 kWh/100 mi for the 2026 eDrive40 on 18-inch wheels.). Independent tests: 1 of 3 claims hold up, 7 tests from 4 testers, winter range 77% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/bmw/i4.md
- [BMW iX1](https://charjin.com/cars/bmw/ix1) (Electric, SUV): Official range 434–516 km (WLTP combined, BMW Ireland technical data (marked provisional): 480–516 km for iX1 eDrive20 Sport, 434–468 km for iX1 xDrive30 xLine. BMW UK lists 298–320 miles for the eDrive20. ADAC lists 436 km for the 2022–2026 xDrive30.); Battery 65.2 kWh (Battery capacity as stated by BMW Ireland and BMW UK for the current iX1 eDrive20; BMW does not say whether this is gross or usable. ADAC lists 66.5 kWh gross and 64.8 kWh net for the 2022–2026 xDrive30.); Rapid charging Up to 130 kW (10–80% in 29 minutes claimed for the eDrive20; AC charging at 11 kW, or 22 kW as an option. BMW Ireland technical data.); Efficiency From 14.2 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined, BMW Ireland (provisional): 14.2–15.5 kWh/100 km for eDrive20 Sport, 15.6–17 kWh/100 km for xDrive30 xLine. ADAC lists 17.1 kWh/100 km for the 2022–2026 xDrive30.). Independent tests: 3 of 4 claims hold up, 6 tests from 3 testers, winter range 79% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/bmw/ix1.md
- [BYD Atto 2](https://charjin.com/cars/byd/atto-2) (Electric, Crossover): Official range 312–430 km (WLTP combined, BYD Europe: 312 km Active and Boost (45.1 kWh), 430 km Comfort (64.8 kWh). What Car? reports a 51.1 kWh Boost for the UK with an official 214 miles; not confirmed on a BYD page.); Battery 45.1 or 64.8 kWh (BYD Blade Battery (LFP); 45.1 kWh Active and Boost, 64.8 kWh Comfort. Usable capacity not stated.); Rapid charging 65 or 155 kW (Active and Boost: 65 kW, 10–80% in 37 minutes claimed. Comfort: 155 kW, 10–80% in 25 minutes claimed. BYD Europe.); Efficiency From 16 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined: 16.0 kWh/100 km Active and Boost, 17.4 kWh/100 km Comfort. BYD Europe.). Independent tests: 0 of 2 claims hold up, 2 tests from 2 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/byd/atto-2.md
- [BYD Atto 3](https://charjin.com/cars/byd/atto-3) (Electric, Crossover): Official range Up to 420 km (WLTP); Battery 60.5 kWh (Capacity and availability can change by version); Rapid charging Up to 88 kW (30–80% in about 29 minutes claimed); Efficiency About 16 kWh/100 km (Official figure; testing standard can differ by market). Independent tests: 0 of 1 claims hold up, 4 tests from 2 testers, winter range 74% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/byd/atto-3.md
- [BYD Dolphin Surf](https://charjin.com/cars/byd/dolphin-surf) (Electric, Hatchback): Official range 220–322 km (WLTP, version dependent); Battery 30 or 43.2 kWh (Capacity and availability can change by version); Rapid charging Up to 85 kW (10–80% in about 30 minutes claimed); Efficiency From 15.5 kWh/100 km (Official figure; testing standard can differ by market). Independent tests: 0 of 1 claims hold up, 3 tests from 2 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/byd/dolphin-surf.md
- [BYD Seal](https://charjin.com/cars/byd/seal) (Electric, Sedan): Official range 460–570 km (WLTP, version dependent); Battery 61.4 or 82.5 kWh (Capacity and availability can change by version); Rapid charging Up to 150 kW (10–80% in about 37 minutes claimed); Efficiency From 16.6 kWh/100 km (Official figure; testing standard can differ by market). Independent tests: 0 of 1 claims hold up, 2 tests from 2 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/byd/seal.md
- [BYD Seal 6 DM-i](https://charjin.com/cars/byd/seal-6-dm-i) (Hybrid / PHEV, Sedan): Official range Up to 65 miles electric (WLTP combined, BYD UK saloon specification: 34 miles Boost (10.08 kWh), 65 miles Comfort (19 kWh); combined petrol-electric range 935 and 904 miles. ADAC's catalogue lists 54 km and 101 km as maker data for the German Touring estate.); Battery 10.08 or 19 kWh (BYD Blade Battery (LFP); 10.08 kWh Boost, 19 kWh Comfort. BYD UK.); Rapid charging Up to 26 kW (Comfort only: DC 26 kW, 30–80% in 23 minutes claimed, AC 6.6 kW. Boost has 3.3 kW AC charging and no DC. BYD UK.); Efficiency 122.8–188.3 mpg weighted (WLTP weighted combined, BYD UK saloon: 122.8 mpg Boost, 188.3 mpg Comfort; combined fuel consumption 64.2 and 58.9 mpg; 52 and 34 g/km CO2.). Independent tests: no comparable claims, 1 tests from 1 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/byd/seal-6-dm-i.md
- [BYD Seal U DM-i](https://charjin.com/cars/byd/seal-u-dm-i) (Hybrid / PHEV, SUV): Official range 70–125 km electric (WLTP, version dependent); Battery 18.3 or 26.6 kWh (Capacity and availability can change by version); Rapid charging Up to 18 kW (30–80% in about 35 minutes claimed); Efficiency 6.4 L/100 km (Official figure; testing standard can differ by market). Independent tests: 0 of 1 claims hold up, 3 tests from 2 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/byd/seal-u-dm-i.md
- [BYD Sealion 7](https://charjin.com/cars/byd/sealion-7) (Electric, SUV): Official range 456–502 km (WLTP combined, BYD Europe specification leaflet: 482 km Comfort (RWD, 82.5 kWh), 456 km Design AWD (82.5 kWh), 502 km Excellence AWD (91.3 kWh).); Battery 82.5 or 91.3 kWh (BYD Blade Battery (LFP); 82.5 kWh for Comfort and Design AWD, 91.3 kWh for Excellence AWD. BYD does not state usable capacity.); Rapid charging Up to 230 kW (Excellence AWD: 230 kW, 10–80% in 24 minutes claimed. Comfort and Design AWD: 150 kW, 10–80% in 32 minutes claimed. BYD Europe.); Efficiency From 19.9 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined: 19.9 kWh/100 km Comfort, 21.4 Design AWD, 21.9 Excellence AWD (listed as Wh/km in the BYD Europe leaflet).). Independent tests: 1 of 2 claims hold up, 3 tests from 3 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/byd/sealion-7.md
- [Cadillac Lyriq](https://charjin.com/cars/cadillac/lyriq) (Electric, SUV): Official range 285–326 miles (EPA, 2026 and 2027 US models on fueleconomy.gov: 326 miles RWD, 303–319 miles AWD depending on onboard charger, 285 miles Lyriq-V.); Battery 102 kWh (Battery rated energy for the 2026 Lyriq, NCMA cathode, as stated in Cadillac's US press specifications.); Rapid charging Up to 190 kW (190 kW DC on Cadillac's 2027 US site; Cadillac's 2026 press specifications claim 10–80% in about 40 minutes and up to 86 miles in about 10 minutes for the RWD.); Efficiency From 37 kWh/100 mi (EPA combined, 2026 US models: 37 kWh/100 mi RWD, 38–40 AWD, 42 Lyriq-V.). Independent tests: 2 of 3 claims hold up, 6 tests from 3 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/cadillac/lyriq.md
- [Chevrolet Equinox EV](https://charjin.com/cars/chevrolet/equinox-ev) (Electric, SUV): Official range 288–319 miles (EPA, fueleconomy.gov: 319 miles FWD and 307 miles AWD for 2026 and 2027; 2026 AWD with the 19 kW onboard charger is rated 288 miles. Chevrolet's 2026 press specifications still list 285 miles for AWD.); Battery Not published (Chevrolet's 2026 press specifications give the chemistry (NCMA lithium-ion) but no capacity. Car and Driver lists 85.0 kWh for its 2024 test cars.); Rapid charging Up to 150 kW (About 77 miles of range in 10 minutes claimed in the 2026 press specifications; Chevrolet's current US site says up to 80 miles in 10 minutes. No 10–80% time is published. 11.5 kW AC standard.); Efficiency From 31 kWh/100 mi (EPA combined: 31 kWh/100 mi FWD, 33 kWh/100 mi AWD (2027); 35 kWh/100 mi for 2026 AWD with the 19 kW charger.). Independent tests: 1 of 3 claims hold up, 6 tests from 3 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/chevrolet/equinox-ev.md
- [Citroën ë-C3](https://charjin.com/cars/citroen/e-c3) (Electric, Hatchback): Official range Up to 202 miles (WLTP, UK: Standard Range (44 kWh) up to 202 miles, Urban Range (30 kWh) up to 132 miles (the same page also says 130 miles). Citroën UK model page.); Battery 30 or 44 kWh (Battery capacities as quoted by Citroën UK; ADAC lists 29.3 and 43.8 kWh net. Both use an 83 kW (113 hp) motor.); Rapid charging Up to 100 kW (Standard Range: up to 100 kW DC, 20–80% in about 26 minutes; Urban Range: 20–80% in 36 minutes. Citroën UK.); Efficiency 16.7 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined for the 113 Standard Range as listed by ADAC from manufacturer data (16.5 for the Urban Range); Citroën UK's model page gives no consumption figure.). Independent tests: 0 of 1 claims hold up, 3 tests from 2 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/citroen/e-c3.md
- [Ford Mustang Mach-E](https://charjin.com/cars/ford/mustang-mach-e) (Electric, SUV): Official range 240–320 miles (EPA, 2026 US models on fueleconomy.gov: 260 miles RWD and 240 miles AWD with the standard battery, 320 miles RWD and 300 miles AWD extended range, 280 miles GT, 255 miles Rally. Ford UK quotes up to 382 miles WLTP for the Premium RWD Extended Range.); Battery 73 or 88 kWh (Standard-range 73 kWh or extended-range 88 kWh on Ford's 2026 US site; Ford UK describes the standard battery as 72 kWh. Ford does not say whether these are usable figures.); Rapid charging About 32 minutes 10–80% (Ford UK claims 32.3 minutes for 10–80%, based on a Select RWD with the 72 kWh standard battery at 23 °C. Neither the Ford UK nor the Ford US page checked gives a peak kW figure.); Efficiency From 31 kWh/100 mi (EPA combined, 2026 US models: 31 kWh/100 mi for RWD versions, 32–34 for AWD, 37 for GT and 40 for Rally.). Independent tests: 2 of 3 claims hold up, 8 tests from 4 testers, winter range 91% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/ford/mustang-mach-e.md
- [Honda CR-V Hybrid](https://charjin.com/cars/honda/cr-v-hybrid) (Hybrid / PHEV, SUV): Official range Market dependent (Electric range applies to PHEV only); Battery Varies by powertrain (Capacity and availability can change by version); Rapid charging Not generally supported (AC charging for PHEV versions); Efficiency Testing standard dependent (Official figure; testing standard can differ by market). Independent tests: 0 of 2 claims hold up, 5 tests from 3 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/honda/cr-v-hybrid.md
- [Hyundai Inster](https://charjin.com/cars/hyundai/inster) (Electric, Hatchback): Official range 327–370 km (WLTP, Hyundai Germany: 327 km for the 42 kWh Select, up to 370 km for the 49 kWh Prime on 15-inch alloys, 360 km for Inster Cross.); Battery 42 or 49 kWh (Hyundai Germany and UK list 42 kWh and 49 kWh batteries. Usable capacity is not stated.); Rapid charging 10–80% in about 30 minutes (Hyundai Germany claims about 30 minutes at a DC charger of at least 350 kW; no peak power is given on the page. ADAC quotes Hyundai's figures as 85 kW for the 49 kWh battery and 73 kW for the 42 kWh battery.); Efficiency 14.3–15.1 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined, Hyundai Germany: 14.3 kWh/100 km for the 42 kWh Select, 14.9 for the 49 kWh Prime on 15-inch alloys, 15.1 for Inster Cross and Lounge.). Independent tests: 2 of 4 claims hold up, 6 tests from 3 testers, winter range 71% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/hyundai/inster.md
- [Hyundai Ioniq 5](https://charjin.com/cars/hyundai/ioniq-5) (Electric, Crossover): Official range Up to 570 km (WLTP, version dependent); Battery Up to 84 kWh (Capacity and availability can change by version); Rapid charging Up to 260 kW (10–80% in about 18 minutes claimed); Efficiency From 15.6 kWh/100 km (Official figure; testing standard can differ by market). Independent tests: 2 of 3 claims hold up, 8 tests from 5 testers, winter range 86% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/hyundai/ioniq-5.md
- [Hyundai Ioniq 6](https://charjin.com/cars/hyundai/ioniq-6) (Electric, Sedan): Official range 521–680 km (WLTP, Hyundai Germany: 521 km for 63 kWh RWD, up to 680 km for 84 kWh RWD on 18-inch wheels; the 239 kW dual-motor version is listed at 570 km. US EPA (fueleconomy.gov): 361 miles for the 2024 Long Range RWD on 18-inch wheels.); Battery 63 or 84 kWh (Hyundai Germany lists 63.0 and 84.0 kWh for the facelifted car; the long-range battery of earlier cars was 77.4 kWh. Usable capacity is not stated.); Rapid charging 10–80% in about 18 minutes (Hyundai Germany claims about 18 minutes on 350–400 kW chargers; the page does not state a peak power. ADAC quotes Hyundai's figure as 260 kW and measured up to 265 kW.); Efficiency From 13.4 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined, Hyundai Germany: 13.4 kWh/100 km for 63 kWh RWD, 13.5 for 84 kWh RWD on 18-inch wheels, 15.9 for the 239 kW version.). Independent tests: 2 of 5 claims hold up, 9 tests from 5 testers, winter range 65% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/hyundai/ioniq-6.md
- [Hyundai Kona Electric](https://charjin.com/cars/hyundai/kona-electric) (Electric, Crossover): Official range 380–510 km (WLTP, Hyundai Germany: 380 km for the 49 kWh Select, up to 510 km for the 65 kWh 150 kW version on 17-inch wheels; N Line X 458 km. US EPA (fueleconomy.gov, 2025): 230 miles on 19-inch wheels, 261 miles on 17-inch.); Battery 49 or 65 kWh (Hyundai Germany lists 49 kWh and 65 kWh; ADAC and NAF give the larger pack as 65.4 kWh. Usable capacity is not stated.); Rapid charging 10–80% in about 38.5 minutes (Hyundai Germany claims about 38.5 minutes at a 350 kW charger without saying which battery; no peak power is given on the page. ADAC lists 102 kW DC for the 65.4 kWh car.); Efficiency 14.6–16.2 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined, Hyundai Germany: 14.6 kWh/100 km for the 49 kWh Select, 14.7 for the 65 kWh 150 kW on 17-inch wheels, 16.2 for N Line X.). Independent tests: 1 of 3 claims hold up, 8 tests from 5 testers, winter range 93% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/hyundai/kona-electric.md
- [Hyundai Tucson Hybrid](https://charjin.com/cars/hyundai/tucson-hybrid) (Hybrid / PHEV, SUV): Official range Not a plug-in (Self-charging hybrid; no electric range figure); Battery 1.5 kWh (Gross, lithium-ion polymer, as listed in ADAC's catalogue (maker data) for the Tucson 1.6 T-GDI HEV built from 09/25; ADAC's 2021 test gives 1.49 kWh. Hyundai UK's spec sheet names the battery type but not its capacity.); Rapid charging No charging socket (Self-charging hybrid; ADAC notes there is no external charging socket and the battery is charged by the motor acting as a generator.); Efficiency 5.6–5.8 L/100 km (WLTP combined, Hyundai UK MY27 spec sheet (October 2026), 1.6T 239 PS Hybrid 6AT: 50.4 mpg (5.6 L/100 km) for Element on 17-inch wheels, 49.6 mpg (5.7) for Black Line, 48.7 mpg (5.8) for N Line Edition, N Line S and Ultimate; 126–132 g/km CO2. US EPA 2026 Tucson Hybrid AWD: 36 mpg combined (38 mpg Blue).). Independent tests: 0 of 1 claims hold up, 3 tests from 3 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/hyundai/tucson-hybrid.md
- [Jaecoo 7 SHS](https://charjin.com/cars/jaecoo/7-shs) (Hybrid / PHEV, SUV): Official range Up to 56 miles electric (WLTP, Jaecoo UK, SHS-P plug-in hybrid (Luxury and Black Luxury). ADAC's catalogue lists 90 km as maker data for the German 1.5 TGDI PHEV from 01/26.); Battery 18.3–18.4 kWh (SHS-P plug-in hybrid, Jaecoo UK. The SHS-H self-charging hybrid has a 1.83 kWh battery.); Rapid charging Up to 40 kW (DC, 30–80% in 20 minutes claimed; AC 6.6 kW, 25–100% in 2.7 hours. Jaecoo UK.); Efficiency 47.1 mpg combined (as listed) (Jaecoo UK lists 47.1 mpg WLTP combined alongside 23 g/km CO2 without saying which is weighted; its mpg phase figures (88.3 low to 36.2 extra-high) look like battery-empty running. ADAC's catalogue (Germany, maker data) lists 2.4 L/100 km and 15.1 kWh/100 km weighted, and 6.0 L/100 km with the battery empty.). Independent tests: no comparable claims, 1 tests from 1 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/jaecoo/7-shs.md
- [Kia EV3](https://charjin.com/cars/kia/ev3) (Electric, Crossover): Official range Up to 605 km (WLTP, 81.4 kWh, RWD, 17-inch wheels, Ireland; 436 km for the 58.3 kWh Standard Range. The old worldwide.kia.com/int/ev3 link now redirects to a general EV line-up page); Battery 58.3 or 81.4 kWh (Standard Range and Long Range, Ireland); Rapid charging 10–80% in about 31 minutes (Kia Ireland's claim; it does not state a peak kW figure, so the 128 kW in cars.json is not confirmed on this page); Efficiency From 14.9 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined 14.9–16.2 kWh/100 km, Ireland). Independent tests: 1 of 2 claims hold up, 6 tests from 3 testers, winter range 93% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/kia/ev3.md
- [Kia EV5](https://charjin.com/cars/kia/ev5) (Electric, SUV): Official range 505–530 km (WLTP, front-wheel drive with 81.4 kWh battery, Kia Ireland: up to 530 km on 18-inch wheels, 520 km for Earth on 19-inch, 505 km for GT-Line on 19-inch.); Battery 81.4 kWh (Kia Ireland, Germany and UK list the 81.4 kWh battery for the European EV5. Usable capacity is not stated; NAF lists 78 kWh net for its test car.); Rapid charging Up to 150 kW (10–80% in about 30 minutes claimed, on a charger delivering at least 150 kW. Kia Ireland.); Efficiency 16.9–18.1 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined, Kia Germany; EV5 GT 18.6 kWh/100 km.). Independent tests: 2 of 3 claims hold up, 4 tests from 3 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/kia/ev5.md
- [Kia EV6](https://charjin.com/cars/kia/ev6) (Electric, Crossover): Official range Up to 582 km (WLTP, 84 kWh rear-wheel drive, Kia Germany and Kia Ireland. A 63 kWh version is also sold; Kia UK quotes up to 265 miles WLTP for it. US EPA (fueleconomy.gov, 2025): 237 miles Standard Range RWD to 319 miles Long Range RWD.); Battery 63 or 84 kWh (Kia Germany lists a 63 kWh and an 84 kWh pack; the 84 kWh pack replaced the 77.4 kWh pack of 2021–2024 cars. Usable capacity is not stated on the page.); Rapid charging Up to 260 kW (10–80% in 18 minutes claimed for the 84 kWh car on an 800-volt charger delivering at least 260 kW. Kia Ireland.); Efficiency 16.4–17.7 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined, Kia Germany; EV6 GT 20.9 kWh/100 km. Kia Ireland quotes 15.9–17.7 kWh/100 km, and ADAC lists 15.9 for the 84 kWh Earth RWD.). Independent tests: 1 of 3 claims hold up, 7 tests from 5 testers, winter range 66% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/kia/ev6.md
- [Kia EV9](https://charjin.com/cars/kia/ev9) (Electric, SUV): Official range Up to 563 km (WLTP, Kia Germany: up to 563 km for rear-wheel drive and 497–503 km for all-wheel drive, all on 19-inch wheels; Kia Ireland quotes 505 km for AWD on 21-inch wheels. US EPA (fueleconomy.gov): 270 miles for the 2024 Long Range AWD GT-Line.); Battery 99.8 kWh (Kia Germany and Ireland: 99.8 kWh in both rear- and all-wheel-drive versions. Usable capacity is not stated; NAF lists 96 kWh net for its test car.); Rapid charging 10–80% in about 24 minutes (Kia Germany and Ireland claim 10–80% in about 24 minutes on an 800-volt charger; Kia UK says the charger must deliver at least 210 kW, Kia Ireland says at least 240 kW. No peak figure is given on these pages.); Efficiency 19.5–22.8 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined, Kia Germany; EV9 GT 21.7 kWh/100 km.). Independent tests: 3 of 4 claims hold up, 8 tests from 5 testers, winter range 94% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/kia/ev9.md
- [Kia Sportage Plug-in Hybrid](https://charjin.com/cars/kia/sportage-phev) (Hybrid / PHEV, SUV): Official range 40–44 miles electric (WLTP combined, Kia UK: 44 miles for 2WD (Pure, GT-Line), 40 miles for AWD (GT-Line, GT-Line S). ADAC's catalogue lists 66 km as maker data for the German 2WD Core. US EPA, 2026 Sportage Plug-in Hybrid AWD: 33 miles.); Battery 13.8 kWh (Gross capacity as listed in ADAC's catalogue (maker data) for the facelifted Sportage 1.6 T-GDI Plug-In Hybrid, series start 07/25; Kia's UK and German pages do not state it. ADAC's 2022 test also gives 13.8 kWh.); Rapid charging No DC rapid charging listed (AC only, 2.3–7.2 kW single-phase, Type 2 socket, per ADAC catalogue maker data; ADAC found a full charge took just under two hours at 7.2 kW on the earlier car.); Efficiency 88.2–104.6 mpg weighted (WLTP weighted combined, Kia UK: 104.6 mpg (2.7 L/100 km) 2WD, 88.2–91.1 mpg AWD. Kia Germany: 2.9–3.3 L/100 km plus 10.9–11.2 kWh/100 km weighted, 6.1–6.7 L/100 km with the battery empty. US EPA 2026 AWD: 36 mpg on petrol, 83 MPGe.). Independent tests: 0 of 1 claims hold up, 4 tests from 3 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/kia/sportage-phev.md
- [Leapmotor C10](https://charjin.com/cars/leapmotor/c10) (Electric, SUV): Official range 420–510 km (WLTP, Leapmotor international site, battery-electric versions: 420 km Pro (69.9 kWh), 510 km ProMax (81.9 kWh), 437 km ProMax AWD. The site does not label the Pro and ProMax cards; ADAC's catalogue (maker data) matches this split and lists 425 km for the Pro Life from 10/25.); Battery 69.9 or 81.9 kWh (69.9 kWh for Pro, 81.9 kWh for ProMax and ProMax AWD. Usable capacity not stated.); Rapid charging Up to 180 kW (ProMax and ProMax AWD: 180 kW, 30–80% in 22 minutes claimed. Pro: 84 kW, 30–80% in 30 minutes claimed. No 10–80% time is given.); Efficiency From 18 kWh/100 km (WLTP: 18.0 kWh/100 km ProMax, 18.8 Pro, 20.9 ProMax AWD. Leapmotor international site.). Independent tests: no comparable claims, 1 tests from 1 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/leapmotor/c10.md
- [Lucid Air](https://charjin.com/cars/lucid/air) (Electric, Sedan): Official range 372–512 miles (EPA, 2026 US models on fueleconomy.gov: 512 miles Grand Touring on 19-inch wheels, 431 miles Touring, 427 miles Sapphire, 420 miles Pure (19-inch) down to 372 miles Pure on 20-inch wheels. NAF lists 960 km WLTP for the 2025 Grand Touring sold in Norway.); Battery Not published (Lucid's Air page gives no battery capacity. Car and Driver lists 118 kWh for the Grand Touring, 92 kWh for the Touring and 84 kWh for the Pure.); Rapid charging 200 miles in 12–16 minutes claimed (Lucid's 2027 claim on a 350 kW DC charger with 19-inch wheels: 12 minutes for the Grand Touring, 15 for the Sapphire, 16 for the Pure and Touring. Lucid does not publish a 10–80% time or a peak kW figure on this page.); Efficiency From 23 kWh/100 mi (EPA combined, 2026 US models: 23 kWh/100 mi Pure on 19-inch wheels, 25–27 Touring, 26–30 Grand Touring, 32 Sapphire.). Independent tests: 0 of 4 claims hold up, 9 tests from 5 testers, winter range 54% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/lucid/air.md
- [Mercedes-Benz CLA Electric](https://charjin.com/cars/mercedes-benz/cla-electric) (Electric, Sedan): Official range Up to 792 km (WLTP, Mercedes-Benz Germany: up to 792 km for the CLA 250+. Mercedes-Benz UK lists 328 miles for the CLA 200 and 480 miles for the CLA 250+. US EPA on fueleconomy.gov: 312 miles CLA 350 4MATIC, 317 or 374 miles for the two listed CLA 250+ variants.); Battery 85 kWh usable (Usable capacity for the CLA 250+ and CLA 350 4MATIC, from Mercedes-Benz Italia's launch release. Mercedes does not give the capacity of the CLA 200 and CLA 250 on the pages checked.); Rapid charging Up to 320 kW (320 kW for the CLA 250+ and CLA 350 4MATIC; 10–80% in 22 minutes claimed for the CLA 250+ and 20 minutes for the CLA 200 (Mercedes-Benz UK); up to 325 km added in 10 minutes (Mercedes-Benz Germany).); Efficiency From 12.3 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined, Mercedes-Benz Germany: 12.3–14.7 kWh/100 km CLA 200, 12.4–14.7 CLA 250, 12.3–14.6 CLA 250+, 12.7–15.2 CLA 350 4MATIC. US EPA: 27–31 kWh/100 mi.). Independent tests: 4 of 4 claims hold up, 9 tests from 5 testers, winter range 76% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/mercedes-benz/cla-electric.md
- [MG MG3 Hybrid+](https://charjin.com/cars/mg/mg3-hybrid) (Hybrid / PHEV, Hatchback): Official range Not a plug-in (Self-charging hybrid; no electric range figure); Battery 1.83 kWh (Hybrid battery; full hybrid with 75 kW (102 PS) petrol engine and 100 kW (136 PS) electric motor, 143 kW (195 PS) system output, three-speed automatic. MG Germany.); Rapid charging No charging socket (Full hybrid (Vollhybrid) per MG Germany; no plug-in charging is listed.); Efficiency 4.4 L/100 km (WLTP combined, MG Germany, all MG3 Hybrid+ trims (Standard, Comfort, Luxury), 100 g/km CO2.). Independent tests: 0 of 1 claims hold up, 2 tests from 2 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/mg/mg3-hybrid.md
- [MG MG4 EV](https://charjin.com/cars/mg/mg4) (Electric, Hatchback): Official range Up to 545 km (WLTP, MG4 EV 77 kWh Premium, Europe; 452 km for the 64 kWh Premium and 405 km for the 64 kWh XPOWER (2026 update)); Battery 64 or 77 kWh (64 kWh LFP (Premium) or NCM (XPOWER), 77 kWh NCM (Premium); the 49 kWh version is no longer listed); Rapid charging Up to 154 kW (10–80% in about 25 minutes claimed for the 64 kWh Premium on a 150 kW charger; MG lists 144 kW and 40 minutes for the 77 kWh Premium); Efficiency From 16.1 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined, 77 kWh Premium; 17.6 for the 64 kWh Premium and 19.0 for the XPOWER). Independent tests: 0 of 1 claims hold up, 5 tests from 2 testers, winter range 88% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/mg/mg4.md
- [Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV](https://charjin.com/cars/mitsubishi/outlander-phev) (Hybrid / PHEV, SUV): Official range Up to 85 km electric (WLTP, Germany; Mitsubishi UK quotes 53 miles all-electric range. US EPA figure for the 2026 model is 44–45 miles); Battery 22.7 kWh (Traction battery capacity, Europe); Rapid charging CHAdeMO DC (About 32 minutes to 80% claimed via CHAdeMO; Mitsubishi does not state the peak kW. ADAC lists 40 kW as maker data); Efficiency 2.7 L/100 km + 16 kWh/100 km (WLTP weighted combined, Diamant 4WD, Germany, 60 g/km CO2; range across versions 2.6–2.7 L and 16–19.1 kWh/100 km. Mitsubishi UK quotes 313 mpg weighted). Independent tests: 0 of 1 claims hold up, 3 tests from 2 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/mitsubishi/outlander-phev.md
- [Nissan Leaf](https://charjin.com/cars/nissan/leaf) (Electric, Crossover): Official range 451–623 km (WLTP, Nissan Germany: 451 km with the 52 kWh battery, up to 623 km with 75 kWh. Nissan Ireland quotes up to 622 km for the 75 kWh Engage, and ADAC lists 624 km. US EPA (fueleconomy.gov, 2026 75 kWh): 259–303 miles depending on wheels.); Battery 52 or 75 kWh (Nissan Germany and Ireland list 52 kWh and 75 kWh batteries; ADAC gives 75.1 kWh net for the larger one.); Rapid charging Up to 150 kW (150 kW for the 75 kWh battery and 105 kW for the 52 kWh battery, Nissan Ireland, which claims 20–80% in as little as 30 minutes; Nissan does not quote a 10–80% time.); Efficiency 13.5–14.7 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined, Nissan Germany: 13.5 kWh/100 km for 52 kWh Engage, 13.8 (Engage) to 14.7 (Evolve) for 75 kWh versions.). Independent tests: 1 of 2 claims hold up, 3 tests from 3 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/nissan/leaf.md
- [Peugeot E-3008](https://charjin.com/cars/peugeot/e-3008) (Electric, SUV): Official range Up to 435 miles (WLTP, UK: Electric 210 (73 kWh) up to 326 miles, Long Range Electric 230 (96.9 kWh) up to 435 miles, Dual Motor 325 (73 kWh) up to 306 miles (308 miles in the page's FAQ). Peugeot UK model page.); Battery 73 or 96.9 kWh (Peugeot UK quotes 73 kWh for the Electric 210 and Dual Motor and 96.9 kWh for the Long Range, without saying whether these are gross or usable.); Rapid charging 20–80% in 27–30 min claimed (Peugeot UK: 30 minutes from 20 to 80% for 73 kWh versions and 27 minutes for the Long Range; no peak power or 10–80% time is given. ADAC lists 160 kW peak for the Electric 210.); Efficiency From 16.8 kWh/100 km (WLTP: 16.8–17.3 (Electric 210), 17.1–18.1 (Long Range 230), 17.4–17.9 (Dual Motor 325) kWh/100 km. Peugeot UK.). Independent tests: 0 of 2 claims hold up, 7 tests from 3 testers, winter range 71% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/peugeot/e-3008.md
- [Polestar 2](https://charjin.com/cars/polestar/2) (Electric, Liftback): Official range 568–659 km (WLTP, Germany: 659 km Long Range Single Motor, 596 km Long Range Dual Motor, up to 568 km Dual Motor with Performance pack); Battery 82 kWh (Long Range versions, Germany; the UK site also lists a 70 kWh Standard range Single motor); Rapid charging Up to 205 kW (10–80% in 28 minutes claimed, 82 kWh Long Range versions, Germany); Efficiency From 14.8 kWh/100 km (WLTP, Long Range Single Motor 14.8–15.8 kWh/100 km; Dual Motor 15.8–17.2 kWh/100 km, Germany). Independent tests: 0 of 1 claims hold up, 4 tests from 4 testers, winter range 88% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/polestar/2.md
- [Polestar 4](https://charjin.com/cars/polestar/4) (Electric, Crossover): Official range 590–620 km (WLTP, Germany: 620 km Rear motor, 590 km Dual motor. Earlier cars were quoted at 610 and 580 km); Battery 100 kWh (Capacity as stated by Polestar (cell-to-pack, 110 cells), all versions. ADAC lists 94 kWh usable); Rapid charging Up to 200 kW (10–80% in about 30 minutes claimed, Rear motor and Dual motor); Efficiency From 17.8 kWh/100 km (WLTP, Germany: 17.8–18.4 kWh/100 km Rear motor, 19.0–21.7 kWh/100 km Dual motor). Independent tests: 1 of 3 claims hold up, 6 tests from 4 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/polestar/4.md
- [Renault 5 E-Tech](https://charjin.com/cars/renault/5-e-tech) (Electric, Hatchback): Official range Up to 430 km (WLTP, Europe: 52 kWh Comfort Range up to 430 km (previously 410 km), 40 kWh Urban Range up to 315 km, new 36.5 kWh Five up to 305 km. Renault media release, 25 August 2026. Renault UK quotes up to 259 miles (52 kWh, pending homologation) and 194 miles (40 kWh).); Battery 36.5, 40 or 52 kWh (40 kWh Urban Range (90 kW motor) and 52 kWh Comfort Range (110 kW); the entry Five trim moves to a 36.5 kWh LFP battery with an 80 kW motor. Renault does not say here whether these are gross or usable figures.); Rapid charging Up to 100 kW (Renault UK: 15–80% in 30 minutes with the standard 100 kW DC charger. The new 36.5 kWh Five has an 80 kW DC charger (Renault media, August 2026).); Efficiency 14.4 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined for the 150 Comfort Range (52 kWh) Techno as listed by ADAC from manufacturer data; the Renault pages read for this entry give no consumption figure, and the August 2026 update may have changed it.). Independent tests: 0 of 2 claims hold up, 5 tests from 3 testers, winter range 66% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/renault/5-e-tech.md
- [Renault Scenic E-Tech](https://charjin.com/cars/renault/scenic-e-tech) (Electric, Crossover): Official range Up to 642 km (WLTP: 89 kWh NMC battery up to 642 km; 67 kWh LFP battery up to 467 km, available later. Renault media release, 1 September 2026, France/Europe.); Battery 67 or 89 kWh (89 kWh NMC long range and 67 kWh LFP comfort range batteries from the 2026 update, both with the 220 hp motor; cars built before the update had 60 or 87 kWh batteries (ADAC). Renault does not say whether the new figures are gross or usable.); Rapid charging Up to 165 kW (89 kWh: 150 kW peak, 15–80% in 28 minutes; 67 kWh LFP: 165 kW peak, 15–80% in 24 minutes. Renault media, September 2026.); Efficiency 17.6 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined for the earlier 220 Long Range (87 kWh) Iconic as listed by ADAC from manufacturer data; Renault's 2026 release gives no consumption for the updated car.). Independent tests: 0 of 2 claims hold up, 3 tests from 3 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/renault/scenic-e-tech.md
- [Rivian R1S](https://charjin.com/cars/rivian/r1s) (Electric, SUV): Official range 258–410 miles (EPA, 2026 US models on fueleconomy.gov: 258 miles for the Dual Standard on 20-inch wheels up to 410 miles for the Dual Max on 22-inch wheels. Rivian's 2027 site lists 329 miles (Premium), 410 miles (Premium Long Range), 371 miles (Performance Tri-Motor) and 374 miles (Quad).); Battery Not published (Rivian's R1S page names battery packs (Standard, Long Range, Max) by range but gives no capacity.); Rapid charging Not published (Rivian's R1S page gives no DC charging rate or time. Car and Driver reports that Rivian has not quoted charge rates for 2026 models, that earlier versions peaked at 210 kW, and that 2026 cars switch to a NACS port.); Efficiency From 39 kWh/100 mi (EPA combined, 2026 and 2027 US models: 39–40 kWh/100 mi for dual-motor versions on 22-inch wheels, rising to 50 kWh/100 mi for the Quad on 20-inch all-terrain tyres.). Independent tests: 2 of 3 claims hold up, 5 tests from 3 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/rivian/r1s.md
- [Škoda Elroq](https://charjin.com/cars/skoda/elroq) (Electric, SUV): Official range 408–577 km (WLTP: Elroq 60 408–453 km, Elroq 85 and 85x 524–577 km, Elroq RS 516–554 km. Škoda technical data sheet dated 23 April 2026, international.); Battery 58 or 77 kWh usable (Net (gross): 58 (61) kWh LFP in the Elroq 60; 77 (82) kWh NMC in the 85, 85x and RS. The April 2026 sheet no longer lists the Elroq 50 sold earlier.); Rapid charging Up to 175 kW (Škoda's model page claims up to 175 kW and 10–80% in 28 minutes for the Elroq 85, and 25 minutes at most for lower versions; its April 2026 data sheet instead lists 105 kW/26 min (Elroq 60) and 165 kW/29 min for the 77 kWh versions.); Efficiency From 15.1 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined: 15.1–16.8 (Elroq 60), 15.3–17.1 (85), 15.5–17.2 (85x), 16.2–17.5 (RS) kWh/100 km. Škoda data sheet, April 2026.). Independent tests: 1 of 3 claims hold up, 6 tests from 3 testers, winter range 82% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/skoda/elroq.md
- [Škoda Enyaq](https://charjin.com/cars/skoda/enyaq) (Electric, SUV): Official range 428–584 km (WLTP: Enyaq 60 428–456 km, Enyaq 85 and 85x 547–584 km, Enyaq RS 513–565 km. Škoda technical data sheet dated 23 April 2026, international.); Battery 58 or 77 kWh usable (Net (gross): 58 (61) kWh LFP in the Enyaq 60; 77 (82) kWh NMC in the 85, 85x and RS. Škoda data sheet, April 2026.); Rapid charging Up to 175 kW (Škoda's model page claims up to 175 kW and 10–80% in 28 minutes or less (26–29 minutes across versions); its April 2026 data sheet lists 105 kW/26 min for the Enyaq 60 and 165 kW/29 min for the 77 kWh versions.); Efficiency From 15.0 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined: 15.0–16.0 (Enyaq 60), 15.3–16.5 (85x), 15.9–17.6 (RS) kWh/100 km; the sheet's figure for the Enyaq 85 is misprinted, so it is not quoted here.). Independent tests: 0 of 2 claims hold up, 5 tests from 3 testers, winter range 94% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/skoda/enyaq.md
- [Tesla Model 3](https://charjin.com/cars/tesla/model-3) (Electric, Sedan): Official range Up to 750 km (WLTP, version dependent); Battery Not officially disclosed (Capacity and availability can change by version); Rapid charging Up to 250 kW (About 15 minutes for up to 282 km claimed); Efficiency From 12.2 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined, Model 3 RWD standard version (572 km), Germany; the Premium Long Range RWD is 13.6 kWh/100 km. tesla.com/model3 shows a page for the visitor's own market). Independent tests: 3 of 6 claims hold up, 12 tests from 5 testers, winter range 73% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/tesla/model-3.md
- [Tesla Model Y](https://charjin.com/cars/tesla/model-y) (Electric, Crossover): Official range Up to 622 km (WLTP, version dependent); Battery Not officially disclosed (Capacity and availability can change by version); Rapid charging Up to 250 kW (Manufacturer claims vary by version); Efficiency From 14.0 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined, Model Y Standard RWD and Premium Long Range RWD, Germany; tesla.com/modely shows a page for the visitor's own market). Independent tests: 3 of 4 claims hold up, 9 tests from 5 testers, winter range 57% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/tesla/model-y.md
- [Toyota bZ4X](https://charjin.com/cars/toyota/bz4x) (Electric, SUV): Official range 444–569 km (WLTP on 18-inch wheels, Toyota Germany: 444 km for the 57.7 kWh FWD, 569 km for the 73.1 kWh FWD; the bZ4X Touring reaches 591 km. US EPA (fueleconomy.gov, 2026 bZ): 236–314 miles.); Battery 57.7 or 73.1 kWh (Gross capacity, Toyota Germany; 54 and 69 kWh net. The bZ4X Touring has 74.7 kWh.); Rapid charging Up to 150 kW (10–80% in about 28 minutes at 25 °C on a 150 kW charger, Toyota Germany; another footnote on the same page says about 30 minutes.); Efficiency 13.9–15.9 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined, Toyota Germany; 13.9 kWh/100 km for both the 58 kWh Comfort and 73 kWh Teamplayer FWD.). Independent tests: 3 of 3 claims hold up, 6 tests from 4 testers, winter range 68% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/toyota/bz4x.md
- [Toyota Corolla Cross Hybrid](https://charjin.com/cars/toyota/corolla-cross-hybrid) (Hybrid / PHEV, SUV): Official range Not a plug-in (Self-charging hybrid; no electric range figure); Battery Not published (Small hybrid battery; Toyota Ireland's model page does not state its capacity); Rapid charging No charging socket (Self-charging hybrid; the battery is charged by the engine and braking); Efficiency 4.9–5.0 L/100 km (WLTP combined, Hybrid 140 (103 kW), Ireland, 112–114 g/km CO2; Hybrid 200 (132 kW) is 5.2 L/100 km. US EPA rating for 2025 AWD hybrid is 42 mpg combined). Independent tests: no comparable claims, 3 tests from 2 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/toyota/corolla-cross-hybrid.md
- [Toyota Prius](https://charjin.com/cars/toyota/prius) (Hybrid / PHEV, Liftback): Official range Up to 86 km electric (WLTP, PHEV version); Battery Up to 13.6 kWh (Capacity and availability can change by version); Rapid charging Not generally supported (AC charging for PHEV versions); Efficiency Testing standard dependent (Official figure; testing standard can differ by market). Independent tests: 0 of 1 claims hold up, 4 tests from 2 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/toyota/prius.md
- [Toyota RAV4 Hybrid](https://charjin.com/cars/toyota/rav4-hybrid) (Hybrid / PHEV, SUV): Official range Market dependent (Electric range applies to PHEV only); Battery Varies by powertrain (Capacity and availability can change by version); Rapid charging Not generally supported (AC charging for PHEV versions); Efficiency Testing standard dependent (Official figure; testing standard can differ by market). Independent tests: 0 of 2 claims hold up, 4 tests from 3 testers. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/toyota/rav4-hybrid.md
- [Volkswagen ID.3](https://charjin.com/cars/volkswagen/id-3) (Electric, Hatchback): Official range Up to 630 km (WLTP, ID.3 Neo with the 79 kWh battery in its most range-favourable equipment; VW newsroom world premiere release, Europe, April 2026. The release does not give ranges for the 50 and 58 kWh versions.); Battery 50, 58 or 79 kWh usable (Net capacities: 50 kWh with the 125 kW motor (standard on Trend), 58 kWh with 140 kW and 79 kWh with 170 kW (options on Life and Style). VW newsroom, Europe.); Rapid charging Up to 183 kW (79 kWh version up to 183 kW; 50 and 58 kWh versions up to 105 kW. VW gives no 10–80% time in this release.); Efficiency From 13.9 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined 13.9–15.7 kWh/100 km across the ID.3 Neo range: 13.9–14.9 for the 125 and 140 kW versions, 14.4–15.7 for 170 kW. VW newsroom, Europe.). Independent tests: 0 of 1 claims hold up, 5 tests from 3 testers, winter range 81% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/volkswagen/id-3.md
- [Volkswagen ID.4](https://charjin.com/cars/volkswagen/id-4) (Electric, Crossover): Official range Up to 574 km (WLTP, ID.4 Pro with Infotainment package, 77.0 kWh net, Germany; VW Germany says the ID.4 can no longer be ordered to individual specification); Battery 52, 77 or 79 kWh (UK line-up (Pure, Pro and GTX); the UK page does not say gross or net, while VW Germany quotes 77.0 kWh net for the Pro); Rapid charging Up to 165 kW (10–80% in about 29 minutes under optimal conditions claimed, Germany); Efficiency From 15.4 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined 15.4–17.6 kWh/100 km for the ID.4 Pro with Infotainment package, Germany). Independent tests: 3 of 4 claims hold up, 8 tests from 5 testers, winter range 85% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/volkswagen/id-4.md
- [Volkswagen ID.7](https://charjin.com/cars/volkswagen/id-7) (Electric, Liftback): Official range Up to 709 km (WLTP: ID.7 Pro S (86 kWh) up to 709 km, ID.7 Tourer Pro S up to 690 km, ID.7 GTX up to 595 km, ID.7 GTX Tourer up to 584 km. VW newsroom release, Germany, June 2024 (now archived).); Battery 77 or 86 kWh usable (77 kWh net in Pro versions; 86 kWh net (91 kWh gross) in Pro S and GTX versions. VW newsroom.); Rapid charging Up to 200 kW (Pro S and GTX up to 200 kW, Pro up to 175 kW; 10–80% in 26 minutes claimed for the 86 kWh GTX. VW newsroom.); Efficiency From 13.6 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined: Pro 14.0–16.1, Pro S 13.6–16.2, GTX 16.2–18.4 kWh/100 km; Tourer versions 14.0–18.8. VW newsroom model page, German market.). Independent tests: 1 of 3 claims hold up, 7 tests from 3 testers, winter range 82% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/volkswagen/id-7.md
- [Volvo EX30](https://charjin.com/cars/volvo/ex30) (Electric, Crossover): Official range 337–475 km (WLTP combined, Volvo international site: 337 km for P3/P5 (51 kWh), 475 km for P3/P5 Long Range (69 kWh), 450 km for P8 AWD. US EPA: 261 miles for the 2026 Single Motor Extended Range.); Battery 51 or 69 kWh (Nominal capacity as stated by Volvo; 51 kWh for P3 and P5, 69 kWh for Long Range and P8 AWD. Volvo does not state usable capacity on this page.); Rapid charging Up to 175 kW (10–80% in 27–28 minutes claimed at 175 kW for 69 kWh versions; 26 minutes at 150 kW for 51 kWh versions. Volvo international site.); Efficiency From 17 kWh/100 km (WLTP combined: 17.0 kWh/100 km for P3/P5 Long Range, 17.1 for 51 kWh versions, 17.5 for P8 AWD. US EPA: 29 kWh/100 mi for the 2026 Single Motor Extended Range.). Independent tests: 2 of 4 claims hold up, 9 tests from 5 testers, winter range 86% of official. Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/volvo/ex30.md
- [Xiaomi SU7](https://charjin.com/cars/xiaomi/su7) (Electric, Sedan): Official range 720–902 km (CLTC, Xiaomi's official China configuration page for the new-generation SU7 (the official basis for this car): 720 km SU7, 902 km SU7 Pro, 835 km SU7 Max, all on 19-inch wheels; 20- and 21-inch wheels cut this to 630–805 km. CLTC figures are not converted to WLTP or EPA here.); Battery 73, 96.3 or 101.7 kWh (73 kWh LFP for the SU7, 96.3 kWh LFP for the SU7 Pro, 101.7 kWh NMC for the SU7 Max, as listed by Xiaomi; Xiaomi does not say whether these are usable figures.); Rapid charging 10–80% in 12–21 minutes claimed (Xiaomi claims 10–80% in 20 minutes (SU7), 21 minutes (Pro) and 12 minutes (Max), with peak charge rates of 3.5C and 5.2C respectively and 752 V or 897 V peak voltage. No peak kW figure is given.); Efficiency Not published (Xiaomi's configuration table gives no energy consumption figure for any version.). Markdown: https://charjin.com/cars/xiaomi/su7.md

## News and analysis
- [Tesla's flying Roadster: what the cold-gas thruster stunts proved, and what is still only a promise](https://charjin.com/stories/tesla-roadster-cold-gas-thrusters-what-was-shown) (Analysis, Electric cars, 2026-10-18): Yes, briefly and with nobody on board. At a livestreamed event near Waco, Texas, on 15 October 2026, a Roadster used suction fans and cold-gas thrusters to leap off a ramp, roll and land over a row of Teslas. It is not on sale yet. Tesla took reservations, gave no price, says production starts in 2028, and says the flying version is not approved for public roads.
- [Battery packs reached a record low price. What LFP, NMC and sodium-ion mean for EV prices in 2026](https://charjin.com/stories/battery-pack-prices-lfp-nmc-sodium-ion-2026) (Analysis, Batteries and supply chain, 2026-10-18): On the latest full-year data, yes: BloombergNEF put the 2025 average pack at $108/kWh and battery-electric car packs at $99/kWh, with LFP packs averaging $81/kWh against $128/kWh for NMC. Lithium and cobalt rose into 2026 and cell quotes climbed in the first half, so how much of the saving reaches buyers depends on chemistry, region and carmaker pricing rather than the survey headline.
- [BYD Seal U DM-i: what independent tests measured on electric range and fuel use](https://charjin.com/stories/byd-seal-u-dm-i-real-world-fuel-and-electric-range) (Analysis, Hybrids and plug-in hybrids, 2026-10-18): ADAC measured 65 km of electric range at 27.3 kWh/100 km for the AWD Design, against 70 km and 20.0 kWh/100 km on WLTP. With the battery empty it used 7.7 l/100 km, rising to 10.2 l/100 km on the motorway. Charged daily, it can cover typical commutes on electricity; driven uncharged, it is a thirsty petrol SUV.
- [China's 67% plug-in share is cutting oil use faster than it is straining the grid](https://charjin.com/stories/china-ev-share-oil-demand-grid-september-2026) (Analysis, Clean energy and the grid, 2026-10-18): Plug-in cars took 67.0% of China's passenger-car retail market in September 2026, a record, mainly because petrol-car sales collapsed under high fuel prices. That is already pulling down Chinese road-fuel demand, while charging used about 1.7% of national electricity in August: growing quickly, but not yet a grid-scale strain.
- [Choosing an e-bike or e-scooter in 2026: start with the legal limits where you live](https://charjin.com/stories/choosing-e-bike-or-e-scooter-2026-rules-by-market) (Analysis, E-bikes and micromobility, 2026-10-18): Check whether the product fits your market's legal class: in the UK and EU that means a 250 W motor that stops assisting at 25 km/h for an e-bike, while US states commonly allow up to 750 W and 20 or 28 mph. Anything above those limits is usually a moped, which brings licensing, insurance and road-only riding.
- [The US e-bike battery rule reaches its last public hearing: what buyers should check now](https://charjin.com/stories/cpsc-e-bike-battery-rule-what-buyers-should-check) (Report, E-bikes and micromobility, 2026-10-18): Not yet nationally. The CPSC has proposed making UL 2849, UL 2272 and UL 2271 mandatory, with extra tests, and products made 180 days after a final rule would have to comply. Until then, buyers should insist on a named certification from a recognised test lab, which New York City already requires for sale.
- [EcoFlow's Titan home battery starts at 5 kWh. A worked example shows when storage saves money and when it is insurance](https://charjin.com/stories/ecoflow-titan-home-battery-when-storage-pays) (Analysis, Batteries and supply chain, 2026-10-18): Not from tariff arbitrage alone on a typical time-of-use plan: on PG&E's E-TOU-C rates, cycling 5 kWh a day saves about $111 a year before losses, against about $7,000 for an installed Titan 5000 with its panel. It makes more sense if you need backup power for outages, already have solar, or face a much wider peak to off-peak price gap.
- [Winter range: what independent tests measured against WLTP, and what to expect in cold and heat](https://charjin.com/stories/ev-winter-range-tests-wltp-epa) (Analysis, Electric cars, 2026-10-18): In NAF's January 2025 test, at -6°C to +8°C, cars fell an average of 19.4% short of WLTP. In January 2026, at -7°C to -32°C, the average loss was 38%. In mild summer conditions several cars matched or beat WLTP, while laboratory tests at 35°C with air conditioning found a loss of about 17%.
- [Florida wants its federal EV-charger money for air-taxi pads](https://charjin.com/stories/florida-nevi-charging-money-evtol) (Report, Charging and infrastructure, 2026-10-18): It means the state's NEVI money would not pay for new public car chargers; it would pay for charging at air-taxi vertiports instead, if federal officials approve. Drivers will keep relying on privately built networks, where rapid charging costs about three times as much per kilometre as home charging at Florida's average household rate.
- [France and Germany want to pause the plug-in hybrid CO2 correction until 2030](https://charjin.com/stories/france-germany-phev-utility-factor-freeze) (Report, Hybrids and plug-in hybrids, 2026-10-18): It would stop the next tightening of the utility factor, the assumed share of electric driving behind a plug-in hybrid's official CO2 figure, until 2030. Official figures for many models would then stay lower than the EU's current timetable intends, which keeps them inside tax thresholds set at 50 gCO2/km, but it would not change how much fuel the cars use.
- [GAC-backed Greater Bay Technology starts a 1 GWh solid-state cell line: what is built and what is still promised](https://charjin.com/stories/gbt-solid-state-battery-line-what-is-in-production) (Report, Batteries and supply chain, 2026-10-18): One company, Greater Bay Technology, says it began series production of all-solid-state cells on 13 October on a line with 1 GWh of capacity. That is real manufacturing, but it is small, no vehicle has been named, and the larger players CATL and BYD are still talking about 2027 for small batches or demonstration cars.
- [Hyundai Ioniq 5: what independent tests say about range, charging, safety and recalls](https://charjin.com/stories/hyundai-ioniq-5-independent-test-evidence) (Analysis, Electric cars, 2026-10-18): On charging, yes. Two independent tests measured peaks within about 2% of the 260 kW claim and a 10–80% time within two minutes of the 18-minute claim. On range, plan on roughly 490–500 km for the 84 kWh rear-wheel-drive car in mild weather rather than the 570 km WLTP figure, and check the recall status of any car you are offered.
- [Charging at home without a driveway: what England's new pavement-channel rules change](https://charjin.com/stories/kerbside-home-charging-england-pavement-channels) (Analysis, Charging and infrastructure, 2026-10-18): Possibly. From 21 October 2026 the planning step disappears in England for a council-authorised pavement channel and a wall charger, outside conservation areas and listed properties. You still need your highway authority's consent, a space near your door, and an installer, and a grant of up to £500 can help with the charger.
- [Mercedes-AMG's electric GT SUV claims 710 kW charging. Here is what that means at a real charger](https://charjin.com/stories/mercedes-amg-gt-suv-710-kw-charging-real-time) (Report, Electric cars, 2026-10-18): Only on a charger that can supply far more than 400 kW, and only in good conditions. Mercedes' 10 to 80 per cent claim works out at an average of about 450 kW, well below the 710 kW peak. At a more common 400 kW unit the same charge cannot take less than about 13.5 minutes, and a 16-minute figure has been reported.
- [PG&E's October shutoff shows what an electric pickup can and cannot do as home backup](https://charjin.com/stories/pge-shutoff-electric-pickup-home-backup) (Report, Clean energy and the grid, 2026-10-18): On paper, yes. Ford's backup claim for the extended-range F-150 Lightning implies about 90 kWh of usable home supply, roughly five days of average Californian household use. In practice it needs specific hardware, a 9.6 kW output limit applies, and PG&E's vehicle-to-home pilot had only three residential customers in mid-2025.
- [Plug-in hybrids that are rarely charged: why T&E wants a 15-litre fuel tank cap](https://charjin.com/stories/phev-fuel-tank-cap-real-world-emissions) (Analysis, Hybrids and plug-in hybrids, 2026-10-18): Not by much. EU fuel-meter data for cars registered in 2024 show plug-in hybrids covering only 27% of their distance on electricity alone and emitting just 14% less CO2 than petrol, diesel and conventional hybrid cars, against an 83% reduction on paper. T&E's proposed 15-litre tank cap is a policy idea for incentives, not a rule, so buyers who will not charge daily should treat the official figure as a best case.
- [Plug-in hybrids took a record 17% of UK new car sales in September](https://charjin.com/stories/uk-phev-record-share-september-2026) (Report, Hybrids and plug-in hybrids, 2026-10-18): Plug-in hybrids reached a record 59,571 registrations and a 17.0% share of the UK market, up from 12.2% a year earlier, while conventional hybrids fell 4.3% to a 13.1% share. For buyers, a plug-in hybrid still pays off mainly when it is charged often, and from April 2028 it will also carry a mileage charge of 1.5p a mile.
- [Volkswagen caps some ID.4 batteries at 80% while it hunts for a fire-risk fix](https://charjin.com/stories/vw-id4-recall-80-percent-charge-limit) (Report, Charging and infrastructure, 2026-10-18): Set the maximum charge to 80% and leave it there until Volkswagen has a repair, which it says is still being developed. Check your VIN on the NHTSA or Transport Canada recall lookup, and expect a letter from Volkswagen; in the US the first letters are due to be mailed on 27 November 2026.
- [Kia building the EV3 in Mexico changes the cost question, not the answer](https://charjin.com/stories/kia-ev3-mexico-production-changes-the-cost-question) (Analysis, Electric cars, 2026-08-10): Mexican EV3 production matters because it can shorten supply lines, add regional capacity, and give Kia more room to compete on price. Buyers should still wait for confirmed local pricing, battery specification, warranty, tariff treatment, and charging support before calling it an affordable EV.
- [The plug-in hybrid question is really a charging-habit question](https://charjin.com/stories/plug-in-hybrid-is-a-charging-habit) (Analysis, Hybrids and plug-in hybrids, 2026-08-10): A plug-in hybrid makes sense when dependable charging is already part of the week and most routine journeys fit inside its useful electric range. If charging will be occasional, a conventional hybrid is usually the simpler and more honest choice.

## Buyer guides
- [EV vs hybrid vs plug-in hybrid: which should you buy?](https://charjin.com/guides/ev-vs-hybrid-vs-plug-in-hybrid): Choose an EV if you can charge reliably and its real-world range covers your routine. Choose a conventional hybrid if charging is impractical. A plug-in hybrid works best only when you will charge it frequently and drive most local trips on electricity.
- [How long does it take to charge an electric car?](https://charjin.com/guides/how-long-does-it-take-to-charge-an-electric-car): Most EVs take roughly 6 to 12 hours for a substantial home charge, depending on battery size and charger power. A suitable rapid charger can often take a modern EV from 10% to 80% in about 20 to 40 minutes.
- [How much does it cost to charge an EV?](https://charjin.com/guides/how-much-does-it-cost-to-charge-an-ev): Multiply the energy added in kilowatt-hours by your electricity price, then allow roughly 8% to 15% for charging losses. Public rapid charging usually costs more than home charging and varies widely by network and country.
- [How long do EV batteries last?](https://charjin.com/guides/how-long-do-ev-batteries-last): An EV battery is designed to last for many years, but capacity gradually declines. Warranty terms commonly cover a defined period, distance, and minimum retained capacity, so the exact wording matters more than a generic lifespan claim.
- [EPA vs WLTP vs CLTC range: what is the difference?](https://charjin.com/guides/epa-vs-wltp-vs-cltc-range): EPA, WLTP, and CLTC are different laboratory test procedures. Their results should not be mixed or converted with one universal formula. Compare vehicles under the same test cycle and treat every official result as a standardized reference, not a guaranteed trip distance.
- [Can you own an EV without home charging?](https://charjin.com/guides/owning-an-ev-without-home-charging): Yes, but it is convenient only when reliable charging already exists near places you routinely spend time. A nearby charger on a map is not enough; price, uptime, dwell time, and overnight parking rules all matter.
- [How much range do EVs lose in hot and cold weather?](https://charjin.com/guides/ev-range-in-hot-and-cold-weather): Cold weather usually has the larger immediate effect because the battery and cabin require heating. Extreme heat also increases cooling demand. The size of the change depends on the vehicle, trip length, speed, parking conditions, and whether the battery is preconditioned.
- [What should you check before buying a used EV?](https://charjin.com/guides/used-ev-buying-checklist): Confirm battery health, remaining warranty, charging performance, recall status, repair history, software support, and the cables included with the car. Test the vehicle at both low and high states of charge when possible.

## Comparisons
- [Tesla Model 3 vs BYD Seal](https://charjin.com/compare/tesla-model-3-vs-byd-seal): Efficiency and charging access meet equipment and cabin richness.
- [Tesla Model Y vs Volkswagen ID.4](https://charjin.com/compare/tesla-model-y-vs-volkswagen-id-4): Two family EVs with very different approaches to controls and ownership.
- [Tesla Model Y vs Hyundai Ioniq 5](https://charjin.com/compare/tesla-model-y-vs-hyundai-ioniq-5): Long-distance efficiency versus exceptionally fast charging and cabin flexibility.
- [BYD Atto 3 vs Kia EV3](https://charjin.com/compare/byd-atto-3-vs-kia-ev3): A proven value crossover meets a newer, longer-range rival.
- [MG4 vs BYD Dolphin Surf](https://charjin.com/compare/mg4-vs-byd-dolphin-surf): Affordable electric hatchbacks with different priorities and footprints.
- [Toyota RAV4 vs Honda CR-V Hybrid](https://charjin.com/compare/toyota-rav4-vs-honda-cr-v-hybrid): Two mainstream hybrid SUVs compared by the way people actually use them.
- [Compare any two cars](https://charjin.com/compare)

## Tools
- [Charging time and cost](https://charjin.com/charging)
- [EV vs hybrid running cost](https://charjin.com/costs)
- [Total cost of ownership](https://charjin.com/ownership-cost)
- [Car finder](https://charjin.com/finder)
- [Road-trip charging planner](https://charjin.com/road-trip)